ASTM D7826 Standard Guide for Evaluation of New Aviation Gasolines and New Aviation Gasoline Additives
1. Scope
1.1 This guide provides procedures to develop data for use in research reports for new aviation gasolines or new aviation gasoline additives.

1.2 This data is intended to be used by the ASTM subcommittee to make a determination of the suitability of the fuel for use as an aviation fuel in either a fleet-wide or limited capacity, and to make a determination that the proposed properties and criteria in the associated standard specification provide the necessary controls to ensure this fuel maintains this suitability during high-volume production.

1.3 These research reports are intended to support the development and issuance of new specifications or specification revisions for these products. Guidance to develop ASTM International standard specifications for aviation gasoline is provided in Subcommittee J on Aviation Fuels Operating Procedures, Annex A6, "Guidelines for the Development and Acceptance of a New Aviation Fuel Specification for Spark-Ignition Reciprocating Engines".

1.4 The procedures, tests, selection of materials, engines, and aircraft detailed in this guide are based on industry expertise to give appropriate data for review. Because of the diversity of aviation hardware and potential variation in fuel/additive formulations, not every aspect may be encompassed and further work may be required. Therefore, additional data beyond that described in this guide may be requested by the ASTM task force, Subcommittee J, or Committee D02 upon review of the specific composition, performance, or other characteristics of the candidate fuel or additive.

1.5 While it is beyond the scope of this guide, investigation of the future health and environmental impacts of the new aviation gasoline or new aviation gasoline additive and the requirements of environmental agencies is recommended.

1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.
1.6.1 Exception - Some industry standard methodologies utilize imperial units as their primary system (permeability; Table A2.1).

1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D86 Test Method for Distillation of Petroleum Products and Liquid Fuels at Atmospheric Pressure
D97 Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum Products
D156 Test Method for Saybolt Color of Petroleum Products (Saybolt Chromometer Method)
D323 Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Products (Reid Method)
D381 Test Method for Gum Content in Fuels by Jet Evaporation
D395 Test Methods for Rubber Property - Compression Set
D412 Test Methods for Vulcanized Rubber and Thermoplastic Elastomers - Tension
D445 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent and Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of Dynamic Viscosity)
D471 Test Method for Rubber Property - Effect of Liquids
D664 Test Method for Acid Number of Petroleum Products by Potentiometric Titration
D873 Test Method for Oxidation Stability of Aviation Fuels (Potential Residue Method)
D892 Test Method for Foaming Characteristics of Lubricating Oils
D909 Test Method for Supercharge Rating of Spark-Ignition Aviation Gasoline
D910 Specification for Leaded Aviation Gasolines
D924 Test Method for Dissipation Factor (or Power Factor) and Relative Permittivity (Dielectric Constant) of Electrical Insulating Liquids
D943 Test Method for Oxidation Characteristics of Inhibited Mineral Oils
D1002 Test Method for Apparent Shear Strength of Single-Lap-Joint Adhesively Bonded Metal Specimens by Tension Loading (Metal-to-Metal)
D1056 Specification for Flexible Cellular Materials - Sponge or Expanded Rubber
D1094 Test Method for Water Reaction of Aviation Fuels
D1298 Test Method for Density, Relative Density, or API Gravity of Crude Petroleum and Liquid Petroleum Products by Hydrometer Method
D1331 Test Methods for Surface and Interfacial Tension of Solutions of Paints, Solvents, Solutions of Surface-Active Agents, and Related Materials
D1500 Test Method for ASTM Color of Petroleum Products (ASTM Color Scale)
D1621 Test Method for Compressive Properties of Rigid Cellular Plastics
D2240 Test Method for Rubber Property - Durometer Hardness
D2344/D2344M Test Method for Short-Beam Strength of Polymer Matrix Composite Materials and Their Laminates
D2386 Test Method for Freezing Point of Aviation Fuels
D2500 Test Method for Cloud Point of Petroleum Products and Liquid Fuels
D2583 Test Method for Indentation Hardness of Rigid Plastics by Means of a Barcol Impressor
D2624 Test Methods for Electrical Conductivity of Aviation and Distillate Fuels
D2700 Test Method for Motor Octane Number of Spark-Ignition Engine Fuel
D2717 Test Method for Thermal Conductivity of Liquids
D2896 Test Method for Base Number of Petroleum Products by Potentiometric Perchloric Acid Titration
D3339 Test Method forAcid Number of Petroleum Products by Semi-Micro Color Indicator Titration
D3359 Test Methods for Rating Adhesion by Tape Test
D3525 Test Method for Gasoline Diluent in Used Gasoline Engine Oils by Gas Chromatography
D3652 Test Method for Thickness of Pressure-Sensitive Tapes
D3762 Test Method for Adhesive-Bonded Surface Durability of Aluminum (Wedge Test)
D4052 Test Method for Density, Relative Density, and API Gravity of Liquids by Digital Density Meter
D4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum and Petroleum Products
D4308 Test Method for Electrical Conductivity of Liquid Hydrocarbons by Precision Meter
D4809 Test Method for Heat of Combustion of Liquid Hydrocarbon Fuels by Bomb Calorimeter (Precision Method)
D4865 Guide for Generation and Dissipation of Static Electricity in Petroleum Fuel Systems
D5188 Test Method for Vapor-Liquid Ratio Temperature Determination of Fuels (Evacuated Chamber and Piston Based Method)
D5191 Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Products (Mini Method)
D5762 Test Method for Nitrogen in Petroleum and Petroleum Products by Boat-Inlet Chemiluminescence
D5972 Test Method for Freezing Point of Aviation Fuels (Automatic Phase Transition Method)
D6053 Test Method for Determination of Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) Content of Electrical Insulating Varnishes
D6227 Specification for Unleaded Aviation Gasoline Containing a Non-hydrocarbon Component
D6304 Test Method for Determination of Water in Petroleum Products, Lubricating Oils, and Additives by Coulometric Karl Fischer Titration
D6424 Practice for Octane Rating Naturally Aspirated Spark Ignition Aircraft Engines
D6469 Guide for Microbial Contamination in Fuels and Fuel Systems
D6812 Practice for Ground-Based Octane Rating Procedures for Turbocharged/Supercharged Spark Ignition Aircraft Engines
D7042 Test Method for Dynamic Viscosity and Density of Liquids by Stabinger Viscometer (and the Calculation of Kinematic Viscosity)
D7096 Test Method for Determination of the Boiling Range Distribution of Gasoline by Wide-Bore Capillary Gas Chromatography
D7547 Specification for Hydrocarbon Unleaded Aviation Gasoline
E659 Test Method for Autoignition Temperature of Chemicals
E1259 Practice for Evaluation of Antimicrobials in Liquid Fuels Boiling Below 390°C

2.2 EI Standards:
EI 1529 Aviation fuelling hose and hose assemblies
EI 1581 Specification and qualification procedures for aviation jet fuel filter/separators
EI 1583 Laboratory tests and minimum performance levels for aviation fuel filter monitors
EI 1590 Specifications and qualification procedures for aviation fuel microfilters

2.3 MODUK Standard:
MODUK DEF STAN 80-97 Paint System, for the Interior of Bulk Fuel Tank and Fittings, Multi-Pack

2.4 ISO Standards:
ISO 1825 Rubber hoses and hose assemblies for aircraft ground fuelling and defuelling - Specification
ISO 20823 Determination of the flammability characteristics of fluids in contact with hot surfaces - Manifold ignition test

2.5 UL Standard:
UL 94 Standard for Safety of Flammability of Plastic Materials for Parts in Devices and Appliances Testing

2.6 Federal Standards:
DOT/FAA/AR-03/21 Characterization of In-Plane, Shear-Loaded Adhesive Lap Joints: Experiments and Analysis
DOT/FAA/AR-06/10 Guidelines and Recommended Criteria for the Development of a Material Specification for Carbon Fiber/Epoxy Fabric Prepregs
14 CFR Part 33:49 Block Tests; Reciprocating Aircraft Engines - Endurance Test
Fed-Std-791 Testing Method of Lubricants, Liquid Fuels, and Related Products
MIL-S-8802 Sealing Compound, Temperature-Resistant, Integral Fuel Tanks and Fuel Cell Cavities, High-Adhesion

2.7 SAE Standards:
SAEAMS-C-6183 Cork and Rubber Composition Sheet; for Aromatic Fuel and Oil Resistant Gaskets
SAE AS4842 Fittings and Bosses, Pipe Threaded, Fluid Connection
SAE AMS 7276 Rubber: Fluorocarbon (FKM) High-Temperature-Fluid Resistant Low Compression Set for Seals in Fuel systems and Specific Engine Oil Systems

2.8 IP Standards:
IP 12 Determination of Specific Energy
IP 15 Determination of Pour Point
IP 16 Determination of Freezing Point of Aviation fuels - Manual Method
IP 69 Determination of Vapour Pressure - Reid Method
IP 71 Transparent and Opaque Liquids - Determination of Kinematic Viscosity and Calculation of Dynamic Viscosity
IP 119 Knock Characteristics of Aviation Gasolines by the Supercharged Method
IP 123 Determination of Distillation Characteristics at Atmospheric Pressure
IP 138 Determination of Oxidation Stability of Aviation Fuel Potential Residue Method
IP 160 Crude Petroleum and Liquid Petroleum Products - Laboratory Determination of Density - Hydrometer Method
IP 196 Determination of Colour (ASTM scale)
IP 219 Determination of Cloud Point
IP 236 Determination of Knock Characteristics of Motor and Aviation Fuels - Motor Method
IP 274 Determination of Electrical Conductivity of Aviation and Distillate Fuels
IP 365 Crude Petroleum and Petroleum Products - Determination of Density - Oscillating U-tube Method
IP 394 Liquid Petroleum Products - Vapour Pressure - Part 1: Determination of Air Saturated Vapour Pressure (ASVP) and Calculated Dry Vapour Pressure Equivalent (DVPE)
IP 435 Determination of the Freezing Point of Aviation Turbine Fuels by the Automatic Phase Transition Method

3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 additive, n - in aviation gasoline, substance added to a base aviation gasoline in relatively small amounts that either enables that base aviation gasoline to meet the applicable specification properties or does not alter the applicable specification properties of that base aviation gasoline beyond allowable limits.

3.1.2 aviation gasoline, n - fuel derived from petroleum or non-petroleum materials possessing specific properties suitable for operating aircraft powered by spark-ignition piston engines.
3.1.2.1 Discussion - Principal properties include combustion, fluidity, volatility corrosion, stability, water shedding, and detonation-free performance in the engine (or engines) for which it is intended. In the context of this guide, the terms fuel and gasoline are interchangeable.

3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.2.1 critical altitude, n - maximum altitude at which, in standard atmosphere, it is possible to maintain at a specific engine revolutions per minute (RPM), a specified power, or a specified manifold pressure.
3.2.1.1 Discussion - Unless otherwise stated, the critical altitude is the maximum altitude at which it is possible to maintain, at the maximum engine RPM, one of the following:
(1) The maximum continuous power, in the case of engines for which this power rating is the same, at sea level and at the rated altitude, or
(2) The maximum continuous rated manifold pressure, in the case of engines, the maximum continuous power of which is governed by a constant manifold pressure.

3.2.2 fit-for-purpose (FFP), adj - in aviation gasoline, describes a condition of acceptance of an aviation fuel or aviation fuel additive that signifies acceptable performance in existing and future aircraft and aircraft engines, but not necessarily all existing or future aircraft and engines.

3.2.3 fit-for-purpose properties, n - characteristics of an aviation fuel or aviation fuel additive in the fuel that are not controlled by the fuel specification or specification properties but that are specified for evaluation in addition to the specification properties to provide a comprehensive assessment of the suitability of an aviation fuel for use on existing or future aircraft and aircraft engines, but not necessarily all existing or future aircraft and engines.

3.2.4 sponsor, n - entity submitting a new fuel or new fuel additive for review.