ASTM D6446 Standard Test Method for Estimation of Net Heat of Combustion (Specific Energy) of Aviation Fuels
1. Scope
1.1 This test method covers the estimation of the net heat of combustion (specific heat) at constant pressure in SI units, megajoules per kilogram, from the fuel density, sulfur, and hydrogen content.
1.2 This test method is purely empirical, and it is applicable only to liquid hydrocarbon fuels derived by normal refining processes from conventional crude oil that conform to the requirements of specifications for aviation turbine fuels of limited boiling ranges and compositions, as described in Note 1.
NOTE 1 - The estimation of the heat of combustion of a hydrocarbon fuel from its hydrogen content, density, and sulfur is justifiable only when the fuel belongs to a well-defined class for which a relationship between these quantities has been derived from accurate experimental measurements on representative samples of that class. Even in this class, the possibility that the estimates can be in error by large amounts for individual fuels should be recognized.
1.3 The heat of combustion can also be estimated by Test Methods D1405, D3338, and D4529.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D129 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products (General Bomb Method)
D240 Test Method for Heat of Combustion of Liquid Hydrocarbon Fuels by Bomb Calorimeter
D1217 Test Method for Density and Relative Density (Specific Gravity) of Liquids by Bingham Pycnometer
D1250 Guide for Petroleum Measurement Tables
D1266 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products (Lamp Method)
D1298 Test Method for Density, Relative Density (Specific Gravity), or API Gravity of Crude Petroleum and Liquid Petroleum Products by Hydrometer Method
D1405 Test Method for Estimation of Net Heat of Combustion of Aviation Fuels
D1552 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products (High-Temperature Method)
D1655 Specification for Aviation Turbine Fuels
D2622 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products by X-Ray Spectrometry
D3120 Test Method for Trace Quantities of Sulfur in Light Liquid Petroleum Hydrocarbons by Oxidative Microcoulometry
D3338 Test Method for Estimation of Heat of Combustion of Aviation Fuels
D3701 Test Method for Hydrogen Content of Aviation Turbine Fuels by Low Resolution Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectrometry
D4052 Test Method for Density and Relative Density of Liquids by Digital Density Meter
D4294 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products by Energy-Dispersive X-Ray Fluoroscence Spectroscopy
D4529 Test Method for Estimation of Net Heat of Combustion of Aviation Fuels
D4808 Test Method for Hydrogen Content of Light Distillates, Middle Distillates, Gas Oils, and Residua by Low-Resolution Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectrometry
D4809 Test Method for Heat of Combustion of Liquid Hydrocarbon Fuels by Bomb Calorimeter (Precision Method)
D5291 Test Methods for Instrumental Determination of Carbon, Hydrogen, and Nitrogen in Petroleum Products and Lubricants
D5453 Test Method for the Determination of Total Sulfur in Light Hydrocarbons, Motor Fuel, and Oils by Ultraviolet Fluorescence
2.2 U.S. Military Standards:
MIL-T-5624 Aviation Turbine Fuel, Grades JP-4 and JP-5
MIL-T-83133 Aviation Turbine Fuel, Grade JP-8
2.3 Directorate of Standardization, Ministry of Defence
DEF STAN 91-87, Aviation Turbine Fuel, Kerosene
DEF STAN 91-88, Aviation Turbine Fuel, Wide-Cut with AIA
DEF STAN 91-91, Aviation Turbine Fuel, Kerosene
2.4 NATO Code
F-34 Aviation Turbine Fuel, Grade JP-8
F-35 Aviation Turbine Fuel, Jet A Type
F-40 Aviation Turbine Fuel, Grade JP-4
F-44 Aviation Turbine Fuel, JP-5