1. Scope
1.1 This test method covers the estimation of the net heat of combustion at constant pressure in metric (SI) units, megajoules per kilogram or inch-pound units Btu per pound.
1.2 This test method is purely empirical and is applicable only to liquid hydrocarbon fuels derived by normal refining processes from conventional crude oil, which conform to the requirements of specifications for aviation gasolines, or aircraft turbine and jet engine fuels of limited boiling ranges and compositions as described in Note 1.
NOTE 1 - The estimation of the net heat of combustion of a hydrocarbon fuel from aniline-gravity product is justifiable only when the fuel belongs to a well-defined class for which a relation between heat of combustion and aniline-gravity product has been derived from accurate experimental measurements on representative samples of that class. Even in this case, the possibility that the estimates may be in error by large amounts for individual fuels should be recognized. The classes of fuels used to establish the correlation presented in this test method are represented by the following specifications:
1.3 This test method is not applicable to pure hydrocarbons. It is not intended as a substitute for experimental measurements of heat of combusiton.
1.4 The values stated in acceptable metric units are to be regarded as the standard.
1.5 The heat of combustion may also be determined in SI units by Test Method D4529. Test Method D4529 requires calculation of a single equation for all aviation fuels with a precision equivalent to that of this test method.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D129 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products (General Bomb Method)
D240 Test Method for Heat of Combustion of Liquid Hydrocarbon Fuels by Bomb Colorimeter
D287 Test Method for API Gravity of Crude Petroleum and Petroleum Products (Hydrometer Method)
D611 Test Methods for Aniline Point and Mixed Aniline Point of Petroleum Products and Hydrocarbon Solvents
D910 Specification for Aviation Gasolines
D941 Test Method for Density and Relative Density (Specific Gravity) of Liquids by Lipkin Bicapillary Pycnometer
D1217 Test Method for Density and Relative Density (Specific Gravity) of Liquids by Bingham Pycnometer
D1250 Guide for Petroleum Measurement Tables
D1266 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products (Lamp Method)
D1298 Test Method for Density, Relative Density (Specific Gravity), or API Gravity of Crude Petroleum and Liquid Petroleum Products by Hydrometer Method
D1655 Specification for Aviation Turbine Fuels
D2622 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products by X-Ray Spectrometry
D3120 Test Method for Trace Quantities of Sulfur in Light Liquid Petroleum Hydrocarbons by Oxidative Microcoulometry
D4052 Test Method for Density and Relative Density of Liquids by Digital Density Meter
D4294 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum and Petroleum Products by Energy-Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry
D4529 Test Method for Estimation of Net Heat of Combustion of Aviation Fuels
D4809 Test Method for Heat of Combustion of Liquid Hydrocarbon Fuels by Bomb Calorimeter (Precision Method)
D5453 Test Method for determination of Total Sulfur in Light Hydrocarbons, Motor Fuels and Oils by Ultraviolet Fluorescence
D6227 Specification for Grade 82 Unleaded Aviation Gasoline
2.2 U.S. Military Standards:
MIL-DTL-5624 Aviation Turbine Fuels, Grades JP-4, JP-5, and JP-5/JP-8 ST
MIL-T-83133 Aviation Turbine Fuel, Grade JP-8
2.3 Directorate of Standardization, Ministry of Defence:
DEF STAN 91–86 Aviation Turbine Fuel, High Flash Kerosene Type with Fuel System Icing Inhibitor
DEF STAN 91–88 Aviation Turbine Fuel, Wide Cut Type with Fuel System Icing Inhibitor
DEF STAN 91–90 Aviation Gasoline 80 and 100LL
DEF STAN 91–91 Aviation Turbine Fuel, Kerosene Type, Jet A-1
2.4 NATO Codes:
F-18 Aviation Gasoline
F-35 Aviation Turbine Fuel, Jet A Type
F-40 Aviation Turbine Fuel, Grade JP-4
F-44 Aviation Turbine Fuel, Grade JP-5